The Russian Army had a deception school, active in 1904, disbanded in 1929. The tactics of that battle are still cited in Russian cadet schools. Early in Russia's history, in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, Prince Dmitry Donskoy defeated the armies of the Mongol Golden Horde using a surprise attack from a regiment hidden in forest. The Art of War, written in the 5th century BC and attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tsu, describes a strategy of deception: "I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness". The practice of military deception predates Russia. In the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, Dmitry Donskoy's Muscovite army defeated a much larger Mongol army using surprise. From there it came to have the broader meaning of military deception, widening to include denial and deception. An early military meaning was camouflage, soon extended to battlefield masking using smoke and other methods of screening. The Russian term маскировка (maskirovka) literally means masking. The Russian doctrine of military deception has evolved with time, and it encompasses a number of meanings. The doctrine has also been put into practice in peacetime, with denial and deception operations in events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Prague Spring, and the annexation of Crimea. ĭeception contributed to major Soviet victories including the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Kursk, and Operation Bagration (in Belarus): in these cases, surprise was achieved despite very large concentrations of force, both in attack and in defence. The 1944 Soviet Military Encyclopedia refers to "means of securing combat operations and the daily activities of forces a complexity of measures, directed to mislead the enemy regarding the presence and disposition of forces." Later versions of the doctrine also include strategic, political, and diplomatic means including manipulation of "the facts", situation, and perceptions to affect the media and opinion around the world, so as to achieve or facilitate tactical, strategic, national and international goals. The doctrine covers a broad range of measures for military deception, from camouflage to denial and deception.ĭeceptive measures include concealment, imitation with decoys and dummies, manoeuvres intended to deceive, denial, and disinformation. Russian military deception, sometimes known as maskirovka ( Russian: маскировка, lit.'disguise' ), is a military doctrine developed from the start of the 20th century.
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